You can not select more than 25 topics
Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
|
|
|
|
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
|
|
|
|
|
using namespace std;
|
|
|
|
|
#define int long long
|
|
|
|
|
const int N = 100010, M = N << 1;
|
|
|
|
|
int in[N]; // 入度数组
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// 链式前向星
|
|
|
|
|
int e[M], h[N], idx, w[M], ne[M];
|
|
|
|
|
void add(int a, int b, int c = 0) {
|
|
|
|
|
e[idx] = b, ne[idx] = h[a], w[idx] = c, h[a] = idx++;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
void solve() {
|
|
|
|
|
memset(in, 0, sizeof in); // 入度
|
|
|
|
|
memset(h, -1, sizeof h); // 初始化链式前向星
|
|
|
|
|
idx = 0;
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
priority_queue<int> q; // 优先队列大顶堆
|
|
|
|
|
map<pair<int, int>, int> _map; // 使用红黑树保存已经添加过关系的数,防止出现重边
|
|
|
|
|
vector<int> ans;
|
|
|
|
|
int n, m;
|
|
|
|
|
cin >> n >> m; // n个菜,m个关系
|
|
|
|
|
while (m--) {
|
|
|
|
|
int x, y;
|
|
|
|
|
cin >> x >> y;
|
|
|
|
|
if (!_map[{x, y}]) { // 防止重复建边
|
|
|
|
|
_map[{x, y}] = 1;
|
|
|
|
|
add(y, x); // 反向建图
|
|
|
|
|
in[x]++; // 记录入度
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
// 入度为零的入队列
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
|
|
|
|
|
if (!in[i]) q.push(i);
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
// Topsort
|
|
|
|
|
while (q.size()) {
|
|
|
|
|
int u = q.top(); // 序号大的先出来,然后倒序输出
|
|
|
|
|
q.pop();
|
|
|
|
|
ans.push_back(u); // 记录出队顺序
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = h[u]; ~i; i = ne[i]) {
|
|
|
|
|
int j = e[i];
|
|
|
|
|
in[j]--;
|
|
|
|
|
if (!in[j]) q.push(j);
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
if (ans.size() != n)
|
|
|
|
|
cout << "Impossible!";
|
|
|
|
|
else
|
|
|
|
|
for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) cout << ans[i] << ' ';
|
|
|
|
|
cout << endl;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
signed main() {
|
|
|
|
|
int T;
|
|
|
|
|
cin >> T;
|
|
|
|
|
while (T--) solve();
|
|
|
|
|
return 0;
|
|
|
|
|
}
|