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##[$AcWing$ $801$. 二进制中$1$的个数 ](https://www.acwing.com/problem/content/description/803/)
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### 一、题目描述
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给定一个长度为 $n$ 的数列,请你求出数列中每个数的二进制表示中 $1$ 的个数。
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**输入格式**
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第一行包含整数 $n$。
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第二行包含 $n$ 个整数,表示整个数列。
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**输出格式**
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共一行,包含 $n$ 个整数,其中的第 $i$ 个数表示数列中的第 $i$ 个数的二进制表示中 $1$ 的个数。
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**数据范围**
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$1≤n≤100000,0≤数列中元素的值≤10^9$
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**输入样例**:
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```cpp {.line-numbers}
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5
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1 2 3 4 5
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```
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**输出样例:**
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```cpp {.line-numbers}
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1 1 2 1 2
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```
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### 二、前导知识
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位运算两个性质:
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* $x\&(-x)$:保留二进制下最后出现的$1$的位置,其余位置置$0$
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* $x\&(x-1)$:消除二进制下最后出现$1$的位置,其余保持不变
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### 三、练习$x\&(x-1)$
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#### 求下面函数的返回值 (微软)
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```cpp {.line-numbers}
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int func(x) {
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int countx = 0;
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while(x){
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countx ++;
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x = x & (x-1);
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}
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return countx;
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}
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```
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功能:将$x$转化为$2$进制,看含有的$1$的个数。
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注: 每执行一次$x = x\&(x-1)$,会将$x$用二进制表示时最右边的一个$1$变为$0$,因为$x-1$将会将该位($x$用二进制表示时最右边的一个$1$)变为$0$。
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#### 判断一个数$x$是否是$2$的$n$次方
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```cpp {.line-numbers}
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#include <bits/stdc++.h>
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int func(int x){
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if((x & (x-1)) == 0)
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return 1;
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else
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return 0;
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}
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int main(){
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int x = 8;
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printf("%d\n", func(x));
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return 0;
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}
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```
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**思路**
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如果一个数是$2$的$n$次方,那么这个数用二进制表示时其最高位为$1$,其余位为$0$。
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### 四、利用 $x\&-x$
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```cpp {.line-numbers}
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#include <iostream>
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using namespace std;
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int lowbit(int x) {
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return x & (-x);
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}
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int main() {
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int n;
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cin >> n;
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while (n--) {
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int x;
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cin >> x;
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int res = 0;
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while (x) x -= lowbit(x), res++;
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printf("%d ", res);
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### 五、利用 $x \& (x-1)$
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```cpp {.line-numbers}
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#include <bits/stdc++.h>
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using namespace std;
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int main() {
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int n;
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cin >> n;
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while (n--) {
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int cnt = 0;
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int x;
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cin >> x;
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while (x) {
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x = x & (x - 1);
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cnt++;
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}
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printf("%d ",cnt);
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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### 六、遍历每一个二进制位
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```cpp {.line-numbers}
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#include <bits/stdc++.h>
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using namespace std;
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int main() {
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int n;
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cin >> n;
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while (n--) {
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int cnt = 0;
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int x;
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cin >> x;
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for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++)
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if (x >> i & 1) cnt++;
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cout << cnt << " ";
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}
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return 0;
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}
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```
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